Though Tibetans and the Nepalese were historically amongst the few Asians to make use of dairy products at all, they didn’t make cheese as we know it and they still don’t have much taste for Western-style cheeses. The cheeses now being made from Yak’s milk are just for export to Western markets, where they sell as novelty cheeses and command high prices.
Nepal was the first country in Asia to make any Western-style cheeses, and until the 1980s certainly the only Asian country making Yak Cheese (as we would use the word cheese.) In 1952, in an effort to help people in Nepal earn cash incomes, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) taught dairy processors in Nepal how to make Swiss-style hard cheeses. Cheese production in Nepal remained in the sole hands of a state monopoly — first called the Dairy Development Board and in 1969 renamed the Dairy Development Corporation (DDC) — until the early 1990s, by which time private cheesemaking became permitted. DDC-made Yak Cheese is still considered safer and better, though: the private sector in Nepal is much hampered by high state fees and bribes, hindering their ability to invest in proper equipment and procedures and tempting them to cut corners. Westerners will not invest because their are no legal protections for their investments.
Yak Cheese is also being made now in Bhutan, India, Mongolia, Pakistan and Tibet for export to the West.
Yak milk (actually “Dri” milk — female Yak are called “dri” in Tibet; “nak” in Nepal) has a good fat content for cheese of about 7% ( milk from cows ranges from 3% to 4%), though a single Dri will only produce as much milk as a goat. The milk used for Western-style cheeses can be either Dri milk, or milk from Chauri (hybrids between Yaks and cows.) In Tibet, dairy products can only be made from May to September, while there is enough grass for the Yaks to eat to produce milk.
While the sale of Yak Cheese to the West has increased household incomes in the Himalayas, some in the FAO have expressed concern that with so much milk now being diverted to this more profitable venture of flowing milk to the West as cheese, Yak calves are being deprived of milk and suffering a higher infant mortality rate.
Yak Cheese made in Nepal has half the butterfat skimmed off the milk to make a harder-style cheese, which is then soaked in brine and cured outdoors in shelters. The cheese ends up grainy and tangy. Rajya Metok Cheese in Tibet was developed partly as an effort to produce a higher-quality Yak Cheese.
The Yak Cheeses listed below are ones that are traditionally made in Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet: they do not have any market in the West.
Serkam[
(aka Sher, Dartsi)
Dri or chauri milk is fermented into a yoghurt called “Dhai”, then churned and used as butter. The buttermilk left from the butter-making process is then boiled and drained. The result is a fresh cheese, somewhat like cottage cheese in appearance.
In Bhutan, the cheese is called “Dartsi.”
Sewsew
Serkam cheese (see above) that has been allowed to ferment.
Chhurpi
Chhurpi is a very hard, chewing cheese made in Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal. In Nepal, it is called either “Chhuga Chhurpi” or just “Chhurpi.” In Bhutan, it is called “Durukhowa” or “Durukho.”
Chhurpi can be made from buttermilk, skim milk or whole milk. Whole milk is actually the least preferred, not only because the fat in the whole milk can be used for other dairy products, but also because whole milk yields a cheese that is softer and won’t store as well. An ideal milk mixture (expressed in more Western terms) would be approximately 7/8 skim milk, 1/8 half fat milk. The milk is heated to 140 to 149 F (60 – 65 C.) Fermented milk is added to the mixture, which is allowed to curdle while it cooks further. It is then strained, put into wooden moulds, and pressed with stones for 24 hours. It is then cut into small cheeses which are let dry for 12 to 15 days, or dried with smoke for 10 days. The cheese ends up as hard as a piece of chalk.
It can also be made from Sewsew cheese.
The cheese can be chewed as a snack while travelling, or ground into a powder for use as a condiment in soups.
Substitutes
For dry Yak Cheese, Parmesan, Asiago, or Sonoma Dry Jack.
Nutrition
In 2008, a team of researchers led by a Professor Brian McBride, at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, concluded that Yak Cheese had three times more beneficial omega-3 fatty acids than did cheddar cheese. The researchers noted, though, that the dietary differences between yaks and farm cows may be an explanation: “The results suggest that cheese from yak, grazed on Himalayan alpine pastures, may have a more healthful fatty acid composition compared to cheese manufactured from dairy cattle fed grain-based diets.” [1]
The food researcher Harold McGee says the findings should be put into perspective: “The yak cheese story echoes similar claims made for grass-fed beef. The body fat or milk fat of animals that feed on grass contains three or four times more essential omega-3 fatty acids than beef from cattle fattened on grain. Which sounds impressive — except that the actual quantities are still small. Unwind with an oyster shooter, snack on a few toasted walnuts, dress some greens, organic or conventional, with a little canola oil, and you’ll get far more omega-3s than you would from a grass-fed steak or hunk of yak cheese.” [2]
Literature & Lore
In an episode of Buffy: The Vampire Slayer (Wrecked: 27 November 2001), Willow tells Buffy that she has “stinky yak cheese” in her bra to help her perform some spells.
Sources
[1] Hitti, Miranda. Cheese From Grass-Fed Yaks May Have Better Fatty Acid Profile Than Cheese From Grain-Fed Cows, Study Shows. WebMD Health News. 14 March 2008.
[2] McGee, Harold. Let’s Take a Closer Look at That Study on Yak Cheese. New York Times. 7 May 2008.